War on Drugs In Modern World - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1483 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: War On Drugs Essay Did you like this example? War on Drugs The War on drugs is a war on people and a war on progress, said Michael K Williams in his CNN piece, The war on drugs is war on people. Drug wars destroyed familys lives, crowded our jails, prisons and robbed futures of black and brown communities†thats what drugs do, they destroy people. According to Williams, the war on drugs has not made America a safer place. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "War on Drugs In Modern World" essay for you Create order The war on drugs has a way of demonizing and silencing black youth generations, for at least 45 years. Studies show that in 2014, an average of 2.2 million people were incarcerated†raising the percentage to 350% over 4 decades. As of today, 60% of people behind bars are black or Hispanic. Studies showed 1 out of 3 men who are locked up in prison are black or Hispanic. Reports indicated that white men are less likely to end up in jail than black men. Bruce Western reported that 41% of all black males who dropped out of high school before the age of 30 have a higher risk of getting arrested and locked up in jail. The Justice Department claimed 1 out of 8 black males are locked up before the age of 30. Jeffery A. Miron, a professor of Economics at Boston University gives his history about the war on drugs. Miron explained how the United States put away 38,000 people behind bars for drug possession and drug offenses. Miron reported that 1.2 million out of 1.5 million people are locked up in jail or prison for drug possession offenses only. Many arrests for possession occur because the arrestee violated some other laws†prostitution, theft, speeding, loitering, disorderly conduct, and so on†and was found to possess drugs. Thrus, otherwise law-abiding citizens who wish to purchase and consume drugs face minimal risk of arrest or other situation, Says Miron. Michael K Williams, a Brooklyn actor, speaks out about his experience and struggle with substance abuse. Williams claimed he received treatment to help control his drug addiction. Later, William said he would rather experience being jailed for his past addiction issues. Williams revealed how he overcame his drug addictio n but never got to experience any arrests. President Barack Obama focused on more drug offenses than any other president in the United States. The Department of Justice delivered a message to end any usage of private prisons. The United States Senator considered reducing mandatory sentencing by giving judges the opportunity to hand down sentences to fit each crime. First lady Nancy Reagan wanted to change current laws that interfered during the crack epidemic in the 1980s. Reagan created a campaign called Just Say No to decrease demand. Although Reagan tried to send a message to the United Nations Audience on the 25th of Oct. 1988. Regan claimed to the United Nations Audience that the U.S had the highest ranking for drug abuse in the world. The war on Mexico continues with violent drug crimes and rival cartels. Anne Deslandes wrote an article on Guerro Mexicos failed attempts on drugs. Deslandes, mentions in her article that Guerro, Mexico lost 2,318 people from violent homicide attacks involved with drug trafficking. Deslandes talks about the war against poppy farming and crack downs from the National Army in Mexico. Deslandes explains how Mexico should legalize poppy production to farmers in Mexico that allow the farmers to cultivate their products without being in danger from cartels and the Mexican government. A former president, Ernst Zedillo, encouraged law makers in Mexico, saying: Give the benefit of the doubt to those of us who have followed the wrong policy for many years. Later, Deslandes describes how lawmakers reached out to the national government hoping they would consider changing their policy to legalize growing the farmers poppy plants allowing them to use the opium for medical use and pharmaceutical use only. Statistics mentioned in Deslandes article show how legalizing the farmers poppy plants would decrease violence with drug cartels and the government. Deslandes explained that former lawmakers agreed to consider legalizing farmers to grow poppy plants and use their opium for medical and pharmaceutical use. Deslandes points out that decriminalization would cut out drug traffickers and weaken them. Also, Deslandes argues for the legalization of marijuana because it decreased drug cartel profits. Reproduction of poppy plants and opium would also decrease its values to cartels. Deslander claims the farmers in Geurra Mexico came to a disagreement with the legalization of poppy plants. The farmers feared if their poppy plants were legalized it would become a major problem. Deslandes reported that 50,000 people in Mexico who rely on the production of cultivating their poppy plants, and without poppy farming, people would be out of a job†no reliable income. Deslandes solution explains that legalizing the production of poppy plants can decrease government raids. The former president- elect was on board with this law being reviewed and said he would not rule out the bill. Unfortunately, this agreement did not yet pass Today, the Mexican government and drug cartels continue fighting for territory. Cartels continue spilling blood and ruining the lives of innocent people to get what they want. In 2015, the Congressional Research Service report showed an average of 80,000 people who were killed by drug cartels in Mexico. Drug cartels in Mexico make around 19 billion to 29 billion dollars a year in drug trafficking. The Sinaloa cartel is the highest-ranking dominant drug trafficking cartel in Mexico According to reports from the Council of Economic Advisors, opioid usage increased their costs each year†roughly $500 billion in tax revenue in 2015. Eight billion dollars alone was used alone for the criminal justice enforcement. In 2014, President Enrique Pena Nitro celebrated victory for arresting a former drug lord named El Chapo†the most successful drug lord in history for the Sinaloa Cartel. Patrick Redden Keefe mentioned how the Sinaloa Cartel makes an estimate between $18 billion dollars to $39 billion dollars a year importing and exporting drugs across the border of Mexico. Keefe described the total amount in revenue that all cartels in Mexico derive from importing and exporting drugs across the U.S border, estimated a total amount of $6.6 billion annually each year. Keefe states that the Sinaloa Cartel achieved a market share minimum of 40% and 60% with a total of 3 billion dollars. Leader of the Sinaloa Cartel, Chapo Guzman, was known to be the most powerful and richest drug lord in Mexico of all time. Chapo Guzmans organization made two times the amount Pablo Escobar did. Close studies showed the Sinaloa Cartel now controls more territory around the Mexican border than any other cartel in Mexico. Keffer also claimed the Sinaloa Cartel to be the most successful organization in history today. Teri Moore described the legalization of marijuana and how it can benefit and reduce percentages of current opioid users. Moore also states that marijuana has reduced the social harms relating to opioid use. The University of British Columbia reviewed patient surveys which showed 63% of patients switched from opioid prescriptions to medical marijuana. Studies also showed 30% of the patients stayed on their opioid prescriptions. As a result, Moore mentioned medical marijuana legalization decreased by 23% of all opioid hospitalization visits. Moore explained how users are most likely unaware of their dosage intake and buy opioids illegally from the black market. Moore also explained how marijuana can reduce problems if people substituted their medications. According to the National Cancer Institute, lethal overdoses from medical marijuana cannot occur because the dosage is unknown. In 2017, a study from the American Journal of Public Health discovered opioid rates in Colorado decreased after marijuana became legalized for recreational use. Moore detailed on how the black markets pricing for marijuana was no longer known for having unbeatable prices because Colorado and Washington state decreased their market prices for marijuana to eliminate the black-market value for their products. Moores pros for marijuana legalization would not only bring transparency to future business transactions but address how the war on drugs had failed. Moore claims the benefits of recreational/medical marijuana legalization can help users overcome dangerous addictions from opioids if they replace it with marijuana. In sum, legalizing drugs can help prevent crime from cartels and minimize violence. Doing so would reduce the number of people killed in drug trafficking-related incidents and help boost economies with legally medicinal and recreational use. MLA Cited Sources: Keefe R, Patrick. Cocaine Incorporated. New York Times, Date: 15 Jun 2012. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/17/magazine/how-a-mexican-drug-cartel-makes-its-billions.html. Accessed: 29 Nov 2018. Mexicos Drug War Fast Facts. CNN Wire, Date: 12 Jun 2018. www.link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/a54234633/ovic?=sant992008xid=934doff5 Accessed: 29 Nov 2018. Reiland R, Ralph. The Dirty Side of The War. The Humanist, Sep-Oct 2015. www.galegroup.com/apps/doc/a13581459/ovic?u=sant992008sid=bf18870b. Accessed: 29 Nov, 2018. The War on Drugs. The New York Times. 31 Dec 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/31/opinion/failed-war-ondrugs.html. Accessed: 29 Nov 2018. Schutlz P, George and Aspe. Williams K, Michael. The War on Drugs is War on People. CNN, 22 Sep 2016, www.cnn.com/2016/09/22/opinions/war-on-drugs-michael-k-williams/index.html. Accessed: 29 Nov 2018.

Women Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs - 1256 Words

Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the life of a Slave Girl allows Harriet Jacobs, speaking through the narrator, Linda Brent, to reveal her reasons for making public her personal story of enslavement, degradation, and sexual exploitation. Although originally ignored by critics, who often dismissed Jacobs story as a fictional account of slavery, today it is reported as the first novel narrative by an ex-slave that reveals the unique brutalities inflicted on enslaved women. Gabby Reyes Am. History Dr. Cole 11/20/2014 Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: A Harrowing Escape from Abuse During the Antebellum period, our young slave girl, in Harriet Jacobs’s novel Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, seeks release from the horrors of a â€Å"cruel, sadistic white plantation owner† (vii) in a cruel, sadistic world that sees her as nothing more than property. The psychological tribulation Harriet Jacobs endures makes her a sympathetic character for the abolitionist movement spearheaded by the north. She is faced and burdened with the issues of self-identity, self-preservation, and freedom, yet she is unrelenting in her determination to secure a life in which she has sole control. The outdoors gave the young protagonist, Chris McCandless, in Jon Krakauer’s Into the Wild, room to explore and find himself before his untimely death. His qualities make him an admirable character (though he was sometimes naà ¯ve in his actions), and his death makes him a martyr to the causeShow MoreRelatedWomen Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs1540 Words   |  7 Pa gesHarriet Jacobs in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl uses clear detail, except when talking about her sexual history, to fully describe what it is like to be a slave. 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Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and Jacobs’ Incidents In the Life of a Slave Girl, Written By Herself wereRead MoreThe Role of Mother for Slave Women in Harriet Jacobs ´ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Harriet Beecher Stowe ´s Uncle Tom ´s Cabin3385 Words   |  14 Pagesthats not the case for everybody. The dehumanizing acts of slavery are eminent in many novels, such as Incidents in the Life of Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs and Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. In these novels, slave women were not suppose to enjoy the role of mother. It was either physically taken away or their mother instincts were brutally effected. Slave mothers had to face many consequences and sacrifices for their life and the life of their loved ones. When reading Stowe andRead MoreEssay Harriet Jacobs Life of a Slave Girl1322 Words   |  6 Pages Harriet A. Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Jacobs’s construction of black female empowerment despite the limitations of slavery Harriet A. Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl is an autobiography written under the name of Linda Brent. This autobiography is a detailed account of her life or lack thereof. I use the term lack thereof because Harriet Jacobs was raised by her grandmother due to her mother dying at a young age. Harriet was taught to readRead MoreHarriet Jacobs’ Fight Against Intolerance713 Words   |  3 Pageson his side; I had determined will. There is might in each† a statement from Harriet Ann Jacobs reflecting her will to overcome the standards of society (97). Harriet Jacobs’ life revolved around slavery from birth to death. Jacobs was a mother of two with determination and insight to make choices to change the way of life for her children. 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However, what isnt as well known is the actual severity of slavery. The experiences of slave women presented by Angela Davis and the theories of black women presented by Patricia Hill Collins are evident in the life of Harriet Jacobs and show the severity of slavery for black women. The history of slave women offered by Davis suggests that compulsory labor overshadowed

What can you learn from source A about Chamberlain’s policy towards Germany Free Essays

Source A tells me that Chamberlain did not want to go to war with Germany because he thought Germany was a power to be reckoned with, especially since she had Italy’s support. He feared that if it came to war Italy could take advantage of its position in the Mediterranean to attack British territory there (such as Gibraltar) and more importantly stop British shipping to and from her empire, which was very important to Britain. It also shows that Chamberlain thought that if it came to war, Hitler could hurt France where she was weakest. We will write a custom essay sample on What can you learn from source A about Chamberlain’s policy towards Germany? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because the source is an unofficial, private document it can accurately show us Chamberlain’s opinion, and though it gives us a good idea of his intent, it does not properly show us his official policy. The source shows that Chamberlain did not think Britain’s armaments were strong enough to stand against Germany’s, and that therefore they must buy time to build up arms, just in case. It also tells me that Chamberlain felt that the dictators could still be reasoned with and were not devoid of any honour or reasonableness, and that he still held some hope of coming to an agreement to suit everybody. He thought that if he appeased Hitler and Mussolini by helping to fix their grievances, they would be happy and the peace of Europe would be assured. 2) Study A and B. In what ways does source B add to your understanding of Chamberlain’s foreign policy? (6) Source B shows me that Chamberlain genuinely believed that even if Britain and France did act, nothing could save Czechoslovakia from being taken over by the Germans if they wanted to do it. He knew that Czechoslovakia was hemmed in on 3 sides by Germany and believed that Germany had every tactical and military advantage around Czechoslovakia, and Russia could not help either because she was too far away. Source B supports source A in that Source B shows me that Chamberlain still thought that Germany was too strong for Britain and France to take on, and that to protect Czechoslovakia would be tantamount to declaring out-and-out war on Germany, which he was strongly against because he thought that Britain had no chance of an easy and quick victory. The source shares with source A the idea that Chamberlain was unwilling to risk going hastily into a war against a major power, which would cost British money and lives and if, as he thought, Britain was not ready, it could mean a repeat of the extended conflict of the first world war, which everyone was keen to avoid. Chamberlain makes it clear in his diary (source B) that he did not think that it was all worth it over one small country that he thought could probably not be saved anyway. Source B like source A is private and unofficial and therefore shows just what Chamberlain is really thinking, more so than A because it is his diary, presumably intended at the time only for him. 3) Study C and D. In what ways does the evidence of these sources help you to understand Chamberlain’s attitude towards Hitler? (10) The author of Source C was a British ambassador and Chamberlain’s main source of information in Germany, and as such Chamberlain must have trusted his views as a high-ranking British dignitary who had been living in Germany probably some time. However, it is possible that Henderson had come around to the German point of view from living there so long and is writing his own opinion, which is biased, as is apparent from his comment in C about how he dislikes the Czechs. If he really had come round to the German point of view, then it is possible that he felt for Germany and like many Germans, considered that Hitler could ‘make Germany great again’. If this were true, it would mean either that Henderson actually believed that Hitler was reasonable, or that he deliberately misled Chamberlain about Hitler’s intent. Alternatively, officials he had spoken to in the German government may simply have misled Henderson. The Germans knew that he was Britain’s main source of information and they may have decided to use him to convince Chamberlain that Germany was stronger than she was and that Hitler was open to options other than going to war, thus encouraging him to put off war by appeasement. In source C Henderson leads Chamberlain to believe that Hitler does not really wish to go to war if he has to, as war would help the opponents of Hitler and Nazism, but it would be disastrous for Germany. He implies that Hitler is reasonable and open to negotiation. If Henderson had not been corrupted by Hitler, then source C contains Henderson’s genuine idea of what Hitler must have been thinking, but as it turned out, his assessment of the situation was wrong. Henderson’s reports, whether genuinely what he thought or not, must have influenced Chamberlain to think that Hitler was a reasonable man who did not want war any more than Chamberlain himself. This would have simply built upon the view Chamberlain already had that Hitler had some sense of honour. Chamberlain was from a business background in Birmingham and must have found it hard to believe that the leader of a nation could be so duplicitous as Hitler eventually revealed himself to be. Source D shows us this exact trust Chamberlain had in Hitler – even though he did not like the look of him, Chamberlain still had faith that Hitler’s word meant something and that Hitler’s policies were only directed towards uniting all the German speaking peoples, not just getting all the territory he could. Because Chamberlain believed what he said in source D, and believed Hitler when he said he would be satisfied with the Sudetenland and not ask any more territory in Europe, he convinced France and Czechoslovakia to submit to the German occupation of the Sudetenland. ) Study E, F, G and H. What can you work out from these sources about: i) The demands made by Hitler (6) The very fact that Britain and France were willing to agree to Hitler’s demands at all shows that his first demands (Czechoslovakia handing over to Germany the parts of the Sudetenland comprised of over 50% Germans) were not perceived by the governments of Britain and France to be altogether too much to ask, and that they believed that he was genuine in his insistence that it was all he would take from Europe. The fact that they were so eager for a reply to the statement in source E and were so ready to give up Czechoslovakia to Germany shows how insistent Hitler was that he got his way. This is corroborated by the fact that Germany put a lot of pressure on Czechoslovakia to agree to Hitler’s demands; this could be the â€Å"unheard of pressure† of source F. Chamberlain was so convinced that giving in to Hitler’s demands was the way to peace that Britain and France even refused to support Czechoslovakia at all if she didn’t capitulate completely in the matter of the Sudetenland. However, source G shows us that Hitler was not to be trusted and as soon as Chamberlain had got Czechoslovakia and France to agree, he changed his demands to more unreasonable ones, which Hitler hoped would ultimately insure the disintegration of Czechoslovakia, by taking large amounts of land from her. These demands were completely unreasonable, even for the peacemaker Chamberlain, and only when Britain and France threatened to go to war did Hitler reduce his demands a little, although his demands mentioned in source G are so unreasonable it could almost be said he was deliberately aiming high so when he was forced to compromise he would get the better deal. Source H shows that Hitler could feel confident about making these demands as Chamberlain was still set upon peace despite all he had seen Hitler capable of. Chamberlain makes clear in this speech that he thinks all Hitler is after is Czechoslovakia and that Britain will not go to war just to protect one small country. ii) Relations between Britain and Czechoslovakia in September 1938? (6) When Hitler made his first demands of Chamberlain, Chamberlain agreed and then informed Czechoslovakia (source E), even though it would severely weaken Czechoslovakia (a state that Britain had helped to set up). Britain and France practically forced her to agree to Hitler’s demands, going so far as to refuse to support her if she did not. The Czechoslovak government was not even consulted in the future of its own country, which as source F shows was hurtful to the Czechs. Czechoslovakia could not even defend herself from her enemy because she had been let down by her friends. Czechoslovakia must have felt pressured into agreeing and very disillusioned with and even betrayed by France, its so-called ally; and Britain, France’s ally and one of the upholders of the Treaty of Versailles. As source G shows, when Hitler came up with his next outrageous demands, Czechoslovakia balked and refused point blank to agree, and the feelings of the Czechoslovak government are expressed to the British government in source G in no uncertain terms. Czechoslovakia may have had some hope in Britain’s support when she promised to support France in a war against Germany, although this soon faded after the Munich agreement. Source H shows that Chamberlain was still trying to uphold peace despite Hitler’s continually changing demands, and evidently still thought that it was worth sacrificing Czechoslovakia on the altar of peace. ) Study I, J and K. â€Å"The Munich agreement was very popular in Britain†. Use the evidence of the sources, and your own knowledge, to explain whether you agree with this view. (8) I agree with this view to a point. The Munich agreement was certainly popular with many people, especially the generations who had been through the Great War. They knew what it was to fight in terrible conditions or to lose a loved one in the war. The First World War was called ‘the war to end all wars’ and nobody wanted to go through it all again. This view is supported by source I, which is from a quality paper and written by the editor, who is presumably an educated person who knows what they’re talking about. The bad memories of the previous war would put the public in favour of avoiding another war if it could be possibly helped, so the peacemaking Chamberlain with his slogan from Benjamin Disraeli: ‘Peace in our time’ was well received by many. The Munich agreement, which guaranteed that Germany and Britain would not go to war in the future, seemed to sort out everyone’s worries. Source J shows a crowd outside 10, Downing Street, who look like they are there to support Chamberlain. However this is not really indicative of the agreement’s popularity as photographs can be deceptive, and Downing Street is not actually that wide a street so the crowd appears bigger than it is. Most of the generation who were making the decisions for Britain (the politicians and diplomats) had experienced the war and this may have influenced them and their decisions in favour of appeasement and the Munich agreement. The government also feared that if war broke out, thousands of civilians could be killed by bombing raids. Also the British army was not strong enough to handle another big war at that time. People like the author of source I did not want to involve Britain in European affairs again, as they thought it was nothing to do with Britain. Many, like Henderson in source K, felt that Chamberlain had done something special in making Hitler agree to peace and so supported the Munich agreement because they thought it was a great feat of negotiation and diplomacy on Chamberlain’s part. Source K shows that at least one person thought that what Chamberlain did was the only option in the circumstances. Many British people felt sorry for the Germans because the Treaty of Versailles was so harsh and felt that they had been unfairly treated. Many could sympathise with the desire to bring the German-speaking people together. People did not even disagree wholly with Germany claiming the Sudetenland, as it was thought of as practically a part of Germany anyway – both geographically and culturally. However, being in favour of the Munich agreement was far from universal and it had many critics. They thought that Germany was being allowed to become too powerful, breaking treaty after treaty and getting away with it. They thought Germany would not stop at just Czechoslovakia, and she would eventually become a power strong enough to threaten the British Empire. Winston Churchill was one of the critics of the Munich agreement and appeasement in general. 6) Study all the sources. The writer of source K believed that war was only avoided in 1938 because of the courage of Chamberlain. Use the sources and your own knowledge to explain whether you agree with this view. (10) I agree with this view to the point that I would say the fact that war was avoided in 1938 was mostly because of Chamberlain. It was Chamberlain’s insistency on trying to appease the dictators at all costs that brought the Munich agreement about. It was Chamberlain who convinced France to support him in encouraging Czechoslovakia to agree to Hitler’s demands (as in source C), and eventually almost forcing them into it by refusing to support Czechoslovakia at all should it come to fighting. Although Chamberlain says in source D to his sister that he thinks Hitler is to be trusted, and I think he means what he says because it is a personal, private letter, by the time of the Munich agreement he must have had some idea of what Hitler was like as he had broken his word and gone back on their agreement of the 15th of September only days before, which as source G shows was very damaging and humiliating to the Czechs. Yet still he went ahead and in effect signed Czechoslovakia over to the Germans without even inviting the Czechs to join the conference. Either this is the move of a very stupid and naive man in still believing that Hitler would not make further attempts to get territory for Germany, or Chamberlain was taking a calculated risk to give Britain more time to protect herself from Germany, not caring about Czechoslovakia. As source B shows, Chamberlain was not willing to take the risk of going to war in 1938 just to protect one small country. Source A shows us that as early as January 1938 Chamberlain was thinking about building up British armaments. I think that the lack of war in1938 was due to Chamberlain although I would not call it courage. He made the agreement because he was convinced that the British public wanted peace more than anything (source J shows that at least some of them did). He was afraid of what another war would do to Britain if she were not ready, especially since the Spanish civil war in which the German Condor Legion decimated the Basque town of Guernica. Chamberlain was excessively afraid of German air strength as he was unfamiliar with the effects of bombing and feared that London could become another Guernica, with hundreds of thousands of casualties. It was thought that the entire German Luftwaffe would head for Britain as soon as war broke out and people greatly overestimated its size and strength. However optimistic Chamberlain chose to be, he must have known that if Britain continued to get involved in Europe’s affairs then sooner or later she would have to fight Germany. Although war was avoided in 1938 it was not avoided altogether and if anything it convinced Hitler that Britain was soft and irresolute and would do nothing by force to stop his further conquest of Europe. This meant that he persevered in his plans to expand Germany without worrying about Britain. How to cite What can you learn from source A about Chamberlain’s policy towards Germany?, Papers

A Case Study and Marketing Principles of Tupperware

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Principlesfor Tupperware Case Study. Answer: Introduction Tupperware Company was started by Earl Tupper in 1942 in the United States, but it became popular in 1948. The company produces and distributes its products all over the world. Some of the brands made by the company include plastic containers, bowls, lids for preserving and storing goods for kitchen and home purposes. The name changed to Tupperware Brand Corporation started in 2005 after it realized its diversification to the public. This report seeks to address the PESTEL and SWOT analysis as it has been discussed below. Pestel Analysis PESTEL which stands for Political, Economic, Social-Cultural, Technology, Environment and Legal factors is one of the most effective tools for analyzing the external environment of the organization. Like any organization, Tupperware external environment can be scanned using this tool Political and Legal Factors: The political and legal elements refer to the effects occurring to an organization as a result of changes in government policies, war, and stability of the country (Pangarkar, 2015). Tupperware Brand Corporation has existed for approximately seventy-four years. During this time, there have been dynamics in the United States and the other countries where Tupperware sells its products; several governments have been on power introducing policies and legal measures to business organizations. There are positive as well as side effects brought about by the policies formulated and imposed by these governments. Economic Factors: They cause fluctuations in the economy where there are boom and recessions, (Amassaib Adam, 2016). The economy of the countries where Tupperware sells its products is subjected to change at different times of the year. When the economy is unfavorable, Tupperware faces different challenges such as reduced sales and low production of its products. However, once it is boom period, the economy is high, sales go high and much revenue is generated. Socio-cultural Factors: The aspects making up this factor include religion, social organizations, beliefs, and attitudes of people (Zander, McDougall-Covin, Rose, 2015). Socio-cultural factors affect the preference of customers towards a given product or range of commodities. These factor affects Tupperware since it is an international company dealing with many consumers, there might be lower purchasing power due to social class, habits, religion and preference of people. This causes a major problem for the company. Technology: Technological aspect involves study and collection of new techniques (Btiz-Lazo, 2016). It affects Tupperware in that it has to adapt to the changes in technology, this requires funds for purchasing computers, engines, and machines to facilitate fast production, efficiency, accurate and reliable work for the company. Physical Environment: Changes in the natural environment affect the performance of Tupperware, for example, 2005 Hurricane in the US destroyed premises and equipment for businesses. Others include earthquakes, storms, and hostile climate. Tupperware is believed to have strengths in the market. The strengths include variety of goods, local and foreign market, and it has won the loyalty and trust of its customers. This makes the company much stronger to make more sales and generate revenue. SWOT Analysis Strengths: The company strengths lies on the dedicated workers who work very hard to take the company to the next level. Again, the company offers the variety of brands the strategy that has helped the company to claim a large market share. Weakness: The greatest problem facing Tupperware Corporation is increasing competitive market from firms such as Avon Products Inc. and Newell Brands Inc. Other weaknesses include creating too many products, inappropriate methods of advertising and spending much funds for research. Opportunities: Tupperware Brand Corporation has a variety of opportunities, for example, new and larger international markets, high rate of growth and development and market segmentation. Threats: the company experiences threats such as increasing the cost of labor, raw material, rates of interests and fluctuation of prices due to dynamic economy of countries. In conclusion, when PESTEL factors change positively, they improve Tupperware Brand Corporation to make more profit, and this can be achieved by focusing more on the strengths and opportunities too. However, opposing or hindering changes, as well as threats and weaknesses in SWOT analysis, cause loss to the company. References Amassaib, M. A., Adam, M. A. (2016). Impacts of Some Environmental and Economic Factors on Production of Sorghum and Millet in North Kordofan State: Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies. Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 13-33 Grnig, R., Morschett, D. (2017). Determining the Target Markets. In DevelopingInternational Strategies. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. Hamilton, L., Webster, P. (2015). The international business environment. Oxford University Press, USA. McDougall-Covin, P., Rose, E. L. (2015). Born global and international business: Evolution of a field of research. Journal of International Business Studies. Vol. 41 No.9, pp.2075-90 Pangarkar, N. (2015). Performance implications of strategic changes: An integrative framework. Business horizons

Time Travel Essays (145 words) - Special Relativity,

Time Travel The Twins Paradox uses Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity to explain that time travel is possible. Let's say two twins are on Earth. They are both twenty years old. One leaves in a spaceship. She is gone for sixty years. When she returns the twin that remained on Earth is eighty years old, she on the other hand appears to be about thirty. How did this happen? Her spaceship must have been traveling at or above the speed of light. When traveling at the speed of light time slows down. It doesn't really slow down (to you the person in the spaceship) time to the people on Earth seem to speed up. It is impossible to travel back in time, but if a human can travel fast enough they can bend time enough to not age as fast relative to humans on Earth. Physics

Prodigal vs. Prodigy

Prodigal vs. Prodigy Prodigal vs. Prodigy Prodigal vs. Prodigy By Mark Nichol Prodigal means â€Å"to spend wastefully.† So, what does that have to do with the biblical parable of the prodigal son, and what does being prodigal have to do with being a prodigy? As it happens, there’s no connection between the two words, though an assumption that they are synonymous may lead some people to believe, erroneously, that the phrase â€Å"prodigal son† refers to an impressive young man. For those of you who have forgotten, or never learned, the story of redemption from the Bible, the younger of two sons prematurely demands his inheritance from his father. The older man complies with his wishes, and the youth leaves home, where he foolishly fritters away his fortune. Reduced to penury, he returns home, prepared to beg for forgiveness, but his father welcomes him and causes for a celebration. When the older son bristles at this injustice, for he has worked hard in his father’s service and has received no preferential treatment, the father explains that they should rejoice that the younger son has returned to the family fold. Prodigal, which is derived from the Latin term prodigere, which means â€Å"to drive away or squander,† also means â€Å"lavish,† and in addition it has a sense of luxuriance that may, depending on context, be negative, neutral, or positive. However, the word is usually employed to allude to the parable in references to a redeemed returner as a prodigal son. Prodigy, by contrast, is from a distinct Latin word, prodigium, meaning â€Å"omen or monster† (both of which stem from a precursor word that means â€Å"to warn†). The most common sense of prodigy is in reference to an unusually talented young person, although, more rarely, yet with more fidelity to its Latin roots, it may also mean â€Å"something extraordinary or inexplicable,† or â€Å"a great accomplishment.† Another rare usage is as a synonym for omen. The adjectival form, prodigious, has lost its connection with omen (portentous is often, in its place, applied to omens) and means â€Å"strange or exciting† or, in keeping with the connection to monster, â€Å"enormous.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a Sentence3 Cases of Complicated HyphenationWhat Is the Meaning of "Hack?"

Read the passage and answer the question referring to the text Essay

Read the passage and answer the question referring to the text - Essay Example This study, therefore, seeks to explore on the methods used by Steinbeck to illustrate the character plan. From the article, it is clear that the character demonstrate a belief in their dreams. The supporting statement here is the use of the repetitive futuristic article will. For instance, use of the words such as, we will fix up the old place, and then we will go live there. Will is a future simple tense that illustrates the affirmative nature of something. The personal pronoun we, makes it inclusive in the team effort that the dream will come true1. The article will, contrasts to would, initially used to talk about the dream, thus emphasizing the shift to a belief. Secondly, George shows excitement as the dream transforms into a plan. The evident to the above underlying fact is in the use of polysyndeton ‘an’. The articles use the word such as I would get a job and makeup the res, and you could sell eggs and stuff like that. Throughout the article, the use of polysyndeton increases pace revealing the belief of George to his vision. The use of such words portrays events that will happen in the future. Another point is the existence of polysyndeton of contrast with short sentences that follow each other. The short sentences lead to the comprehension that the thing they had not believed in was turning out to be a reality. Short sentences enhance slow pace, portraying the dream as a revelation of the truth. Contrast of the past view that is never had, with the true future is evident. Closely linked with the above point is the fact that George’s attitude is changing from disbelief and negativity into that of positivity. The use of adverbs to describe his manner, like reverently, wonderingly, and softly contrast with disgustedly2. The above factors reveals his change in temperament of his belief as an element of positivity. Reverently portrays faith while softly

Eliade Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Eliade - Assignment Example This hierophany can be witnessed in the Jesus Christ himself who is a personification of God himself. According to him the sacred only reveals himself to the reality of holy and not that of natural reality. Eliade clearly distinguishes between an objects physical attributes and sacred attributes. He states that the sacred nature of objects is not to be counted as a physical attribute but rather a sacred attribute which he pronounces to be ganz andere. He tells about the sacred as something which is developing world order and is religious. He tells about nature as something which is conforming to the modes of sacredness. He differentiates between sacred and profane on the basis of the followers of both the existence. Individuals who believe in profane rely on natural realities rather than on sacredness and power is perceived by them as something which is eternal. In other words these followers are deviating from the role of existence in this world. Eliade describes the primitive race to be belonging to this world with natural realities and who deny their moral rights. These followers do not have a moral right to existence in this world as put by Eliade. He further concludes that profane and sacred are two different modes of existence in this world. 3. Mircea Eliade calls humankind â€Å"homo religious.† By homo religious Eliade is trying to tell that people in this world who follow this form believe in one religion and one god irrespective of their beliefs in profane or sacred. This is the very reason that Eliade distinguishes between the two forms of existence i.e. profane and sacred. 4. (a.) Desacralized cosmos† is used by the author to tell about the myth of the end of this world and existence. It is believed by him that this end would be marked by the hatred for profane and the eternal return of sacred to this world. (b.) â€Å"homogeneity of space† the author uses this term to signify

American political system, contraception mandate act Essay - 1

American political system, contraception mandate act - Essay Example As policy solutions to the contraceptive mandate, the religious groups prefer to use the natural family planning methods instead of using contraceptives as a family planning method. In as much as the religious groups views the natural family planning as the best policy solution to the contraceptive mandate, officials views have so far failed to necessarily match the behavior (Cutrer, 2005). As part of the alternatives which the religious groups advocates for include the periodic abstinence or the aspect of post ponding pregnancy. The religious groups view these solutions as a perfect way of solutions in relation to the contraceptive mandate. As Msgr. Flanagan claims, it is always against the artificial contraception but the religious groups favor natural body rhythms thus the natural family planning methods (Pipes, 2013). In most cases, the religious groups never oppose mandates, which require them to be competent especially on medical personnel so that they could teach natural family planning forms to couples and not just women involved (Cutrer, 2005). The decree requires the religious group members to pay for something, which is usually immoral. Additionally, the religious organizations, which are against contraceptives use,should then teach their religious members on using some of these types of these methods (Pipes, 2013).However, it is always up to the members of the religious groups to decide on what type of contraceptive they would prefer to use. In as much as the church is against the use of contraceptives, the church cannot force an individual on what method of family planning they can use. According to Becky Lynn who is a Health care providers thus the OBGYN, the contraception mandate remains a crucial to not only the women but also people involved or the couple. The health providers are advocating for more coverage for all

The Treaty of Waitangi and Healthcare

The Treaty of Waitangi and Healthcare Realities and Maori Models of Health New Zealanders has major ethnicities than any other parts of the world, comprising over 213 ethnic groups. Five major ethnic groups in New Zealand comprise New Zealand European, Maori, Chinese, Samoan and Indian (NZ Herald, 2013). And of all ethnic groups, Maori has been documented as having the poorest health status in New Zealand even after the regulation of factors like income, residence and education. This health status is the result from their negative experiences from colonization processes that resulted in the loss of their cultural beliefs, practices and even their Maori language. As Ramsden, Irihapiti has stated: Maori have until recently been passive consumers of a health service that they have had little input into. As yet Maori have little control over funding, policy and delivery of health service in the State sector. Many Maori would argue that this situation is in contravention of the promise of the second article to protect the â€Å"unqualified exercise of Maori chieftainship†¦over lands, villages, and all their treasures†. [1] Tino rangatiratanga guarantee has not been realised while Maori cannot gain autonomy in health service and become accountable to Maori.[2] The Ministry of Health documents [3]has revealed the seriousness of the matter and the need to address the inequalities and disparities of health as what Hon. Annette King has stated: The Government has acknowledged the importance of prioritizing Maori health gain and development by identifying a need to reduce and eventually eliminate health inequalities that negatively affect Maori.[4] As health care providers, it is our utmost responsibility to respond to Maori’s health issues in respect to the diversity of worldviews that may exist in between us. To fully understand Maori health promotion, it is best to examine these key models that have been developed and currently used. Maori view health in a holistic way. Each of these models is interlinked and highlights the links in between the physical, spiritual, individual and most importantly, the family. Te Whare Tapa Wha Te Whare Tapa Wha is also known as â€Å"four cornerstones or sides of Maori health†. These four cornerstones includes the: Taha tinana or Physical Health – from the word itself, it refers to the body and its physical manifestation. Taha Wairua or Spiritual Health – Maori believed that the spiritual essence of the individual is their life force and therefore is essential in the identification of an individual as a whole. Taha whanau or Family Health – it details the importance of family on the well-being of the individual. Taha hinengaro or Mental Health – refers to the relevance of the mind and the ability to communicate, think and feel. This model expresses the relevance of balance that if one of these elements fails can lead to illness. It was developed by Mason Durie in 1982 because the spiritual element of health was discarded which has become an important in the prevailing health models. Te Pae Mahutonga or Southern Cross Star Constellation This model brings together the elements of modern Maori health promotion. These key elements highlight the linkages in between Mauriora (cultural identity), Waiora (physical environment), Toiora (healthy lifestyles) and Te Oranga (Participation in society). The two pointers symbolize NgÄ  Manukura(community leadership) andTe Mana Whakahaere(autonomy) which depicts the resources needed to achieve those outcomes. It has been currently used around New Zealand to create a positive change regardless of ethnicities or culture. Te Wheke Te Wheke or the octopus depicts family health. The octopus head represent te whanau (the family), octopus eyes as waiora (family and individual’s total well-being) and the tentacles representing specific dimension of health which are interwoven representing closeness of these tentacles. Maori acknowledges importance of interconnectedness in between the mind, spirit, whanau and physical and has always been even after the introduction of Western medicine. He Po Oranga Tangata Whenua This model has been developed to ensure the traditional tangata whenua (people of the land) values, knowledge and institutions are recognized as key indicators of toiora: optimum health and well-being. It attempts to make a wider connection between wider health and social determinants like housing, employment, education, resources and language. This model is now being applied in the Bay of Plenty District Health Board. All of these models will help shed light on Maori’s views of health and well-being in the hope of greater appreciation to them and be put into works by the professionals working in the health sector. MANAAKITANGA Loosely translated as â€Å"hospitality†, manaakitanga plays an integral part in Maori society. It is derived from the word â€Å"mana† or the person’s ability to care. It derives respect that is earned and cannot be forced to any individual. Being hospitable, looking after visitors and caring for them regardless of their status is of great importance to them. But manaakitanga has a much broader definition than just a word or direct translation. It can be broken down into 3 parts: mana-a-ki which means â€Å"power of the word† which motions them to be expressive and articulate in welcoming visitors. There is another explanation with the words â€Å"mana† or prestige, â€Å"ki te tangata† or to the people – which gives the importance of mana that contains the integrity, prestige and power of guests. Manaakitanga not only encompasses hospitality but also on mutual respect. It acknowledges others’ mana as having equal or greater th an their own which can be seen in the form of love, generosity, as well as hospitality. They also believed that in any gathering, small than it may seem, it should be remembered with gratitude and affection. They welcome settlers with open arms as they often trade and give foods to them. Some of them brought individuals into their marae or meeting place where they become members of whanau/family, hapu/sub-tribe and iwi/tribe. Manaakitanga, in short sense, is about cultivating relationships, looking after one another and being careful as to how others are treated regardless of their status in the society. It is applicable not only to the Maori but also in any ethnic group. In any health care setting, it is important that we all treat each other with respect. It can boost one’s esteem knowing you are valued. In this way will we be able to build rapport and partnership not only to the patients but as well as their families, thereby, improve the health status of not only the Maori but also to the entire ethnic group. References Manning, B. (2013, December 11). Census 2013: More ethnicities than the worlds countries National NZ Herald News. Retrieved from http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1objectid=11170288 Media Resources. (n.d.). Manaakitanga – unique New Zealand hospitality > New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.newzealand.com/travel/en/media/features/maori-culture/maori-culture_manaakitanga-hospitality.cfm Nursing Council of New Zealand. (2002, March). Guidelines for Cultural Safety, the Treaty of Waitangi, and Maori health in Nursing and Midwifery Education and Practice. Retrieved from http://www.sportsouthland.co.nz/files/docs/culturalsafety nurses.pdf Whanau Ora News. (2013, November 11). MÄ ori Models of Health Wellbeing | Te Arawa WhÄ nau Ora Collective. Retrieved from http://tearawawhanauora.org.nz/2013/11/maori-models-of-health-wellbeing/ [1] Kawharu, I. (Ed). (1989). Waitangi: Maori and Pakeha perspectives of the Treaty of Waitangi. Auckland, NZ: Oxford University Press. 2 Ramsden, I. (1996). The Treaty of Waitangi and cultural safety: The role of the Treaty in nursing and  midwifery education in Aotearoa. In Nursing Council of New Zealand, Guidelines for cultural safety in  nursing and midwifery education. Wellington, NZ: NCNZ. [2] [3] Social Inequalities in Health, New Zealand (1999), the New Zealand Health Strategy (December  2000) and Priorities for Maori and Pacific Health: Evidence from epidemiology (2001) [4] King, A. (2001). New Zealand Health Strategy. Wellington, NZ, Ministry of Health. p.18

Agriculture in a Market Economy and Sustainable Alternatives Essay

Agriculture in a Market Economy and Sustainable Alternatives Imagine driving through any number of Midwestern states, passing acres upon acres of corn or soybeans, feeding lots in Kansas with thousands of cattle, or rows of poultry barns in Virginia that leave their memories in your nose for miles down the road. Today’s agricultural system in the United States is one that follows capitalism and demands competition, which usually means make as much as you can with as few resources as possible. These practices tend to be harmful to both environmental and human health, are not sustainable in the long term, and have forced many farmers out of the industry when they can’t compete with the big companies. Many people, including Christians, believe they are called to be stewards and protectors of the earth with a responsibility to act with justice towards other human beings. While there are Christians and other people who hold strong ethical beliefs involved in conventional methods of agriculture, others are seeking more just and sustainable methods of producing food. Modern agriculture in the United States followed in suit with the Industrial Revolution and searched for ways to become bigger, make more money, and be more efficient. Just as in factories, many farms began specializing in one crop or livestock, spreading onto more land, and using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to encourage growth. For many farmers, to participate in the market economy where the government subsidizes many crops and farm products and market prices are highly unstable, the only way to remain competitive is to produce a surplus. In addition, they are playing into an export economy, which has major implications for communities and the envir... ...â€Å"Linking Tables to Farms.† In Eric T. Freyfogle (Ed.), The New Agrarianism: Land Culture, and the Community. pp17-27. Washington: Island Press. Long, Cheryl. (1999) â€Å"Certified Organic.† Organic Gardening 46(6), 44-46. Retrieved November 19, 2004, from Academic Search Elite. Madden, Patrick. (1988). â€Å"Low-Input/Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education- Challenges to the Agricultural Economics Profession.† American Journal of Agricultural Economics 7 (5), 1167-1172. Retrieved November 19, 2004, from Business Source Premier database. Orr, David. (2001). â€Å"The Urban-Agrarian Mind.† Eric T. Freyfogle (Ed.), The New Agrarianism: Land Culture, and the Community. pp93-107. Washington: Island Press. Snowe, Olympia . â€Å"USDA Organic Food Standards.† FDCH Press Releases 21/Oct/2002 . Retrieved November 10, 2004 , from Military and Government Collection database. Agriculture in a Market Economy and Sustainable Alternatives Essay Agriculture in a Market Economy and Sustainable Alternatives Imagine driving through any number of Midwestern states, passing acres upon acres of corn or soybeans, feeding lots in Kansas with thousands of cattle, or rows of poultry barns in Virginia that leave their memories in your nose for miles down the road. Today’s agricultural system in the United States is one that follows capitalism and demands competition, which usually means make as much as you can with as few resources as possible. These practices tend to be harmful to both environmental and human health, are not sustainable in the long term, and have forced many farmers out of the industry when they can’t compete with the big companies. Many people, including Christians, believe they are called to be stewards and protectors of the earth with a responsibility to act with justice towards other human beings. While there are Christians and other people who hold strong ethical beliefs involved in conventional methods of agriculture, others are seeking more just and sustainable methods of producing food. Modern agriculture in the United States followed in suit with the Industrial Revolution and searched for ways to become bigger, make more money, and be more efficient. Just as in factories, many farms began specializing in one crop or livestock, spreading onto more land, and using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to encourage growth. For many farmers, to participate in the market economy where the government subsidizes many crops and farm products and market prices are highly unstable, the only way to remain competitive is to produce a surplus. In addition, they are playing into an export economy, which has major implications for communities and the envir... ...â€Å"Linking Tables to Farms.† In Eric T. Freyfogle (Ed.), The New Agrarianism: Land Culture, and the Community. pp17-27. Washington: Island Press. Long, Cheryl. (1999) â€Å"Certified Organic.† Organic Gardening 46(6), 44-46. Retrieved November 19, 2004, from Academic Search Elite. Madden, Patrick. (1988). â€Å"Low-Input/Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education- Challenges to the Agricultural Economics Profession.† American Journal of Agricultural Economics 7 (5), 1167-1172. Retrieved November 19, 2004, from Business Source Premier database. Orr, David. (2001). â€Å"The Urban-Agrarian Mind.† Eric T. Freyfogle (Ed.), The New Agrarianism: Land Culture, and the Community. pp93-107. Washington: Island Press. Snowe, Olympia . â€Å"USDA Organic Food Standards.† FDCH Press Releases 21/Oct/2002 . Retrieved November 10, 2004 , from Military and Government Collection database.

Broken Windows Theory

What Impact has the Broken-windows Theory had on Policing? What about the Future? 02/18/2010 Question Response pg. 118 Broken-windows theory is the thought that when low levels of crime and disorder and deviance are not held in check, then more serious crime is likely to follow (Roberg, Novak, Cordner pg. 102). It was a theory proposed by J. Q. Wilson and Kelling in 1982. The broken-windows theory has had an effect on policing in the past, and will play a role in how policing is done in the future. First let’s look at how the broken-windows theory has impacted policing in the past. Broken-windows theory suggested a way of thinking in the community. Citizens felt safer when police departments conducted more foot patrols in the neighborhood, and felt the police were more aware of the crime that occurred. As time progressed into the adaptation of the motorized patrol, some people felt that the police had lost touch with the community and were not aware of the small underlying issues of the bigger crimes that occurred (pg. 66). Through the theory of broken-windows, a zero-tolerance style of policing was developed. Some police departments, such as New York, implemented the zero tolerance style and claimed that it lowered their crime rates in the mid 1990’s (pg. 103). The police became more arrest oriented and focused on a more aggressive approach to crime control. They would increase their traffic citations, arrests, and increase their contacts with citizens. However, one of the issues with the zero tolerance style of policing is that it can cause some undue harm to citizens. By being to aggressive, it leads officers to become more suspicious of some people even though they may not deserve it, and can to lead to false arrests or abuse (pg. 04). In conclusion, the broken-windows theory has created the zero tolerance style of policing, and has lead some citizens to believe that the police are not in touch with their neighborhood due to the lack of foot patrol. As cities continue to grow and expand, most police departments will not have the resources to devote some offices to foot patrol, w hile having others in vehicles to respond to other calls for service in other areas. Therefore under the broken-windows theory, departments will have to address the issue of the community not feeling safe without foot patrols. Also, understanding that if minor crime is not addressed, the potential for larger crime may follow; this will lead departments to find new strategies to address these issues. Departments will look to work with the community (community policing) in an effort to resolve the issues without delay (zero tolerance). Broken-windows theory has affected the way police departments operate since it was developed, and only through new and creative strategies can it be correctly implemented. Reference: Roberg, R. , Novak, K. , & Cordner, G. (2009). Police & society. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Broken Windows Theory The notion that serious crime is stemmed from minor disorders and fear of crime was a well-developed hypothesis in the 1980s by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006). Wilson and Kelling (1982) had coined this theory as â€Å"broken windows†. Broken windows theory states that disorder in a society causes the residents of the society to develop fear (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2008). The authors go on to state that fear is the fueling source behind delinquent behavior, which resulted in higher rates of serious crimes (2008).The main concept of this theory illustrated that if police were to target and eliminate minor disorders through community policing, it would have an overall impact on the reduction of crime rates (Gau & Pratt, 2008). Broken windows theory was not accepted by all, in fact it sparked a great deal of controversy (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). The opposing views of broken windows theory argued that it was too weak because of the lack thereof empirical e vidence proving the correlation between implementation of broken windows policing methods and decrease in crime (Harcourt, 1998).The purpose of this essay was to compare and contrast the two different perspectives on the broken windows theory. This paper shall also conclude whether the broken windows theory can be successfully used within a community policing model. In my opinion the broken windows theory had enough substantial groundwork presented that it was successfully used within community policing. To begin, according to Clyde Cronkhite (2004) the theory was true. Cronkhite connects â€Å"disorder and crime as part of a developmental sequence† (2008, p. 46). The main concept that Kelling and Wilson stated, was that if small minor disorders such as littering, public drinking, graffiti etc. were tolerated in a society than it would spiral out creating more serious crimes (Cronkhite, 2004). Cronkhite (2004) gave reasoning behind their theory stating that serious crimes ste m from criminals assuming that once there was social acceptance of minor delinquent behaviors, the community became vulnerable and were less likely to act against such behaviors. Broken windows entails a process whereby unchecked visible disorder signals to residents that community lacks social control. This assumption is that the law-abiding citizens and the criminal alike are attuned to this signal† (Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 164). Gau and Pratt (2008) gave an explanation as to why criminals tend to flood the streets when minor disorders are present in society. The authors reasoned that it is because the general public sought shelter or safety off of the streets which in turn allowed criminals to occupy the area (Wilson & Kelling, as cited in Gau & Pratt, 2008).From personal experience in third year of University I attended a midnight street walk of downtown Toronto, which allowed me to draw on the same conclusions as Gua and Pratt. During the street walk it was clear that certa in geographical areas provided an outlet for further crime to exist based on social senses, such as Regent Park. Also, based on physical evidence that remained on George St in front of Seaton House; needles on the floor, graffiti on the walls and empty alcohol bottles not only concluded that this area was a favorable environment for crime, but that indeed some form of illegal acts had occurred.Furthermore, Gua and Pratt (2010) discussed how the perceptions of disorder in a community instilled fear into its members and how fear created social disengagement from the community. The broken windows perspective outlined the cognitive thought behind what individuals viewed as disorders (Cronkhite, 2004). In other words, disorder was always in the eye of the beholder, which in this case was the community. The way the community interpreted the delinquent behavior for example littering, determined whether the community was going to reject or accept it into their societal values.Based on the c ommunity’s decision we must consider an outsider’s perspective on such behavior as well. James McCabe (2008) goes on to talk about how it was not the physical aspect of the act (litter in itself) but rather the symbolism it created that lead to increase in crime. McCabe also stated that if individuals saw littering as a threat to social order, this threat would no longer be overlooked or considered unimportant, instead littering would be viewed as a key catalyst to a chain of negligent behavior (2008).Fear was a result of the negligent behavior, fear also generated attachment to the visible characteristics of delinquency, helping outsiders derive a negative stigma about a community (J. Irwin, personal communication, Oct 3rd, 2012). Tepperman and Curtis (2011), provided an explanation as to why crime occurs based on the social functionalist approach coined by Emile Durkheim â€Å"in order to have a well-functioning society it requires values, cohesion and social contro l† (p. 19).This theory was based on the principal that social problems are socially created (Tepperman and Curtis, 2011), the social functionalist approach supported the original work on the broken windows theory, which stated that minor disorders are classified and looked at based on individual perception (source). Structural functionalist approach established that problems in a society originate from the observation of others’ consequences (Tepperman and Curtis, 2011). In this particular case the consequences of the minor delinquent acts created greater chaos.To combat the growth in crime rates in any geographical area, â€Å"broken windows philosophy entails addressing the minor problems in a community before they create conditions that welcome and/or permit more serious offences† (McCabe, 2008, p. 291). McCabe (2008) also theorized that if you were to control the disorder you could then control the crime. The outcome this theory had on police response was tha t it created the order maintenance policing strategy (Cronkhite, 2004). This was the gateway introduction to community based policing.Broken windows theory demanded that there be community involvement (McCabe, 2008). The positive correlation between community policing and reduction of crime rates, was not necessarily in the affects the police have on the disorder itself, but rather the sense of order being restored into the community through hands on approach (Sampson & Raudenbush, 2004). When the community saw active policing, and a restored sense of community, people began to feel safer within society and were more inclined to help with community restoration initiatives (McCabe, 2008).The order maintenance strategy operated based on a community policing model, which is known as The Ontario Association of Chief of Police (OACP) Model (G. Hanna, personal communication, Sept 26th 2012). Wilson and Kelling’s theory was based on the social science experiment of Phillip Zimbardo, who had studied the snowballing effect on vandalism at the Stanford University Campus parking lot New York City in 1969, once a vacant car was left unattended to (McCabe, 2008).Kelling and Wilson (1982), indicated that disorder and crime have a strong positive correlation based on the yielded results from Zimbardo’s experiment. The first to implement the order maintenance approach was the New York Transit Authority (NYTA) (Corman & Mocan, 2005). The NYTA tackled the Subway vandalism problem head on, they eliminated graffiti, and arrested those who tried to cheat the subway fare system (Corman & Mocan, 2005). Bratton the main leader in organizing the initiative, stated that the theory was accurate (Corman & Mocan, 2005). Bratton went on to explain that there was a dramatic drop in rime rates committed in the subways following this approach, thus backing up the broken windows theory (date). After realizing the positive results of aggressive order maintenance strategy, the brok en windows theory was then put to the test by the NYPD (Corman & Mocan, 2005). The NYPD were also only reaping the benefits from this decision. Deploying this strategy had an impact on the offender’s belief that the risk of apprehension was high, thus the NYPD sent a clear message to the community that law and order prevail over petty and serious crimes (Sampson & Cohen, 1988).Immediately after the implementation of order maintenance, NYPD saw significantly decreasing numbers in serious crimes such as homicide, robbery and rape (Corman & Mocan, 2005), the city ended up reaching its all-time low. Kelling in his later work wrote, â€Å"Both experience and substantial formal research demonstrated that disorder left untended ultimately leads to serious crime†¦ Fighting disorder, by solving the problems that cause it, is clearly one the best ways to fight serious crime, reduce fear, and give citizens what they actually want from the police force†. Kelling 1999, p. 29 a s cited in Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 167). Another Dutch researchers conducted an experiment that revealed how visible social disorder increased an individual`s temptation to indulge in delinquent behaviour (Kaplan, 2008). A Dutch researcher, Keizer tested this theory by; â€Å"placing an envelope containing a 5 euro-note hanging from a mailbox†¦ when the mailbox was clean, 13 percent of passers-by stole the envelope. When the mailbox was surrounded by trash, the percentage jumped to 25 percent, and then 27 percent when it was covered by graffiti. (Kaplan, 2008, p. 1). It was evident that the presence of litter (minor disorder) increased the rate of crime double fold. This Netherland experiment bolstered the broken windows theory (Kaplan, 2008). On the contrary, these results fueled the debate of whether the broken windows theory was the driving force behind crime reduction in the area. While researchers tried to determine the root causes to a particular crime, the macro-social ap proach shed light on crime originating from â€Å"poverty, unemployment, racism, class conflict, etc. † (McCabe, 2008, p. 92) Kennedy and Moore (1995) believed that the police did not have direct impact on these crime causing issues, therefore no direct impact on crime. Harcourt was the main author to challenge the broken windows theory. He scrutinized the theory as well as the data gathered by author Skogan, statingthat although there were several measures of serious crime (assault, sexual assault, and burglary) available in Skogan’s research, he only disclosed the findings on crime correlated to robbery (Harcourt, 1998). This made Skogan’s work discreditable and biased.Another reason why broken windows was said to be invalid is due to people`s perceptions on the relationship between crime and disorder; whether or not they are separate entities (Corman & Mocan, 2005). â€Å"If disorder and crime seem to be different in the eyes of neighborhood residents, then order maintenance policing may have a fighting chance at crime reduction. If however, the two phenomena merge into one in the minds of those residents, then broken windows theory and its accompanying order maintenance policing strategies will need to be rethought. (Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 170). Furthermore, the main concept of broken windows theory was attacked. The idea that if disorder is not found frightening, citizens remain on the streets, therefore streets are not being opened to criminals, thus criminal behaviour would not take place (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006). Interestingly, the studies conducted against the theory have not given much attention to the relationship between disorder and fear, which was surprising given its importance in the model. (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006).Studies based on broken windows are too inconsistent to be able to draw a definite line as to whether or not the theory was accurate and the possibility of integration into community policing. Researchers have stated that there are statistically better predictions of crime such as community stability and collective efficacy of the neighborhood, therefore police should not focus their time into â€Å"fixing† the broken windows theory but rather dedicate their time to other predictors (Weisburd & Braga, 2007).Consequently, if police were to dedicate their time on the other factors rather than on minor disorders there would be less objectivity in regards to police involvement (Weisburd & Braga, 2007). The authors point out that although all individuals would be in favour of collective efficacy, it was hard to address and improve upon (2007). Making it easier said than done. These other statistical predictors of crime were rational and helpful in regards determining all possible causes of crime, but they were far too ambiguous of concepts to be solved through practice (Weisburd & Braga, 2007).Thus broken windows theory was a practical option, it was applicable to any community and it w as able to be implemented quickly. According to the OACP Model order maintenance policing would be considered as part of the community mobilization and crime prevention sector. This sector allows the police to take charge and impact minor disorders preventing future crime while encouraging community members to get involved, thus transitioning toward safer communities and to the ultimate goal of low need for police assistance (G. Hanna, personal communication, Sept 11th, 2012).In conclusion, the macro-social approaches, lack thereof empirical evidence, relationship between fear and disorder as well as perceptions on social disorders were the critiques made against the broken windows theory. Despite these critiques, the theory proved to be true through real life application. Therefore I draw to the conclusion that it was and continues to be successfully incorporated into the current policing model. If police services in Ontario dedicate more time to target the social disorders visible in our communities, they will help build positive relations in the community.By restoring order in our communities we are another step closer to eradicating serious crimes (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). References Corman, H. , & Mocan, N. (2005, April). Carrots, sticks, and broken windows. Journal of Law and Economics, 48(1), 235-266. doi:10. 1086/425594 Cronkhite, C. (2004, March 1). Illusions of order: The false promise of broken windows policing (Book). Criminal Justice Review (Georgia State University), 29(1), 245-248. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http://web. ebscohost. com. subzero. lib. uoguelph. ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? id=50642dd3-c8cc-4a96-aa51-1baee6674c01%40sessionmgr114&vid=1&hid=107 Gau, J. M. , & Pratt, T. C. (2008, May 1). Broken windows or window dressing? Citizens (in)ability to tell the difference between disorder and crime. Criminology & Public Policy , 7(2), 163-194. doi:10. 1111/j. 1745-9133. 2008. 00500. x Gau, J. M. , & Pratt, T. C. (2010, August). Revisit ing broken windows theory: Examining the sources of the discriminant validity of perceived disorder and crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 758-766. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from Broken Windows Theory The notion that serious crime is stemmed from minor disorders and fear of crime was a well-developed hypothesis in the 1980s by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006). Wilson and Kelling (1982) had coined this theory as â€Å"broken windows†. Broken windows theory states that disorder in a society causes the residents of the society to develop fear (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2008). The authors go on to state that fear is the fueling source behind delinquent behavior, which resulted in higher rates of serious crimes (2008).The main concept of this theory illustrated that if police were to target and eliminate minor disorders through community policing, it would have an overall impact on the reduction of crime rates (Gau & Pratt, 2008). Broken windows theory was not accepted by all, in fact it sparked a great deal of controversy (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). The opposing views of broken windows theory argued that it was too weak because of the lack thereof empirical e vidence proving the correlation between implementation of broken windows policing methods and decrease in crime (Harcourt, 1998).The purpose of this essay was to compare and contrast the two different perspectives on the broken windows theory. This paper shall also conclude whether the broken windows theory can be successfully used within a community policing model. In my opinion the broken windows theory had enough substantial groundwork presented that it was successfully used within community policing. To begin, according to Clyde Cronkhite (2004) the theory was true. Cronkhite connects â€Å"disorder and crime as part of a developmental sequence† (2008, p. 46). The main concept that Kelling and Wilson stated, was that if small minor disorders such as littering, public drinking, graffiti etc. were tolerated in a society than it would spiral out creating more serious crimes (Cronkhite, 2004). Cronkhite (2004) gave reasoning behind their theory stating that serious crimes ste m from criminals assuming that once there was social acceptance of minor delinquent behaviors, the community became vulnerable and were less likely to act against such behaviors. Broken windows entails a process whereby unchecked visible disorder signals to residents that community lacks social control. This assumption is that the law-abiding citizens and the criminal alike are attuned to this signal† (Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 164). Gau and Pratt (2008) gave an explanation as to why criminals tend to flood the streets when minor disorders are present in society. The authors reasoned that it is because the general public sought shelter or safety off of the streets which in turn allowed criminals to occupy the area (Wilson & Kelling, as cited in Gau & Pratt, 2008).From personal experience in third year of University I attended a midnight street walk of downtown Toronto, which allowed me to draw on the same conclusions as Gua and Pratt. During the street walk it was clear that certa in geographical areas provided an outlet for further crime to exist based on social senses, such as Regent Park. Also, based on physical evidence that remained on George St in front of Seaton House; needles on the floor, graffiti on the walls and empty alcohol bottles not only concluded that this area was a favorable environment for crime, but that indeed some form of illegal acts had occurred.Furthermore, Gua and Pratt (2010) discussed how the perceptions of disorder in a community instilled fear into its members and how fear created social disengagement from the community. The broken windows perspective outlined the cognitive thought behind what individuals viewed as disorders (Cronkhite, 2004). In other words, disorder was always in the eye of the beholder, which in this case was the community. The way the community interpreted the delinquent behavior for example littering, determined whether the community was going to reject or accept it into their societal values.Based on the c ommunity’s decision we must consider an outsider’s perspective on such behavior as well. James McCabe (2008) goes on to talk about how it was not the physical aspect of the act (litter in itself) but rather the symbolism it created that lead to increase in crime. McCabe also stated that if individuals saw littering as a threat to social order, this threat would no longer be overlooked or considered unimportant, instead littering would be viewed as a key catalyst to a chain of negligent behavior (2008).Fear was a result of the negligent behavior, fear also generated attachment to the visible characteristics of delinquency, helping outsiders derive a negative stigma about a community (J. Irwin, personal communication, Oct 3rd, 2012). Tepperman and Curtis (2011), provided an explanation as to why crime occurs based on the social functionalist approach coined by Emile Durkheim â€Å"in order to have a well-functioning society it requires values, cohesion and social contro l† (p. 19).This theory was based on the principal that social problems are socially created (Tepperman and Curtis, 2011), the social functionalist approach supported the original work on the broken windows theory, which stated that minor disorders are classified and looked at based on individual perception (source). Structural functionalist approach established that problems in a society originate from the observation of others’ consequences (Tepperman and Curtis, 2011). In this particular case the consequences of the minor delinquent acts created greater chaos.To combat the growth in crime rates in any geographical area, â€Å"broken windows philosophy entails addressing the minor problems in a community before they create conditions that welcome and/or permit more serious offences† (McCabe, 2008, p. 291). McCabe (2008) also theorized that if you were to control the disorder you could then control the crime. The outcome this theory had on police response was tha t it created the order maintenance policing strategy (Cronkhite, 2004). This was the gateway introduction to community based policing.Broken windows theory demanded that there be community involvement (McCabe, 2008). The positive correlation between community policing and reduction of crime rates, was not necessarily in the affects the police have on the disorder itself, but rather the sense of order being restored into the community through hands on approach (Sampson & Raudenbush, 2004). When the community saw active policing, and a restored sense of community, people began to feel safer within society and were more inclined to help with community restoration initiatives (McCabe, 2008).The order maintenance strategy operated based on a community policing model, which is known as The Ontario Association of Chief of Police (OACP) Model (G. Hanna, personal communication, Sept 26th 2012). Wilson and Kelling’s theory was based on the social science experiment of Phillip Zimbardo, who had studied the snowballing effect on vandalism at the Stanford University Campus parking lot New York City in 1969, once a vacant car was left unattended to (McCabe, 2008).Kelling and Wilson (1982), indicated that disorder and crime have a strong positive correlation based on the yielded results from Zimbardo’s experiment. The first to implement the order maintenance approach was the New York Transit Authority (NYTA) (Corman & Mocan, 2005). The NYTA tackled the Subway vandalism problem head on, they eliminated graffiti, and arrested those who tried to cheat the subway fare system (Corman & Mocan, 2005). Bratton the main leader in organizing the initiative, stated that the theory was accurate (Corman & Mocan, 2005). Bratton went on to explain that there was a dramatic drop in rime rates committed in the subways following this approach, thus backing up the broken windows theory (date). After realizing the positive results of aggressive order maintenance strategy, the brok en windows theory was then put to the test by the NYPD (Corman & Mocan, 2005). The NYPD were also only reaping the benefits from this decision. Deploying this strategy had an impact on the offender’s belief that the risk of apprehension was high, thus the NYPD sent a clear message to the community that law and order prevail over petty and serious crimes (Sampson & Cohen, 1988).Immediately after the implementation of order maintenance, NYPD saw significantly decreasing numbers in serious crimes such as homicide, robbery and rape (Corman & Mocan, 2005), the city ended up reaching its all-time low. Kelling in his later work wrote, â€Å"Both experience and substantial formal research demonstrated that disorder left untended ultimately leads to serious crime†¦ Fighting disorder, by solving the problems that cause it, is clearly one the best ways to fight serious crime, reduce fear, and give citizens what they actually want from the police force†. Kelling 1999, p. 29 a s cited in Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 167). Another Dutch researchers conducted an experiment that revealed how visible social disorder increased an individual`s temptation to indulge in delinquent behaviour (Kaplan, 2008). A Dutch researcher, Keizer tested this theory by; â€Å"placing an envelope containing a 5 euro-note hanging from a mailbox†¦ when the mailbox was clean, 13 percent of passers-by stole the envelope. When the mailbox was surrounded by trash, the percentage jumped to 25 percent, and then 27 percent when it was covered by graffiti. (Kaplan, 2008, p. 1). It was evident that the presence of litter (minor disorder) increased the rate of crime double fold. This Netherland experiment bolstered the broken windows theory (Kaplan, 2008). On the contrary, these results fueled the debate of whether the broken windows theory was the driving force behind crime reduction in the area. While researchers tried to determine the root causes to a particular crime, the macro-social ap proach shed light on crime originating from â€Å"poverty, unemployment, racism, class conflict, etc. † (McCabe, 2008, p. 92) Kennedy and Moore (1995) believed that the police did not have direct impact on these crime causing issues, therefore no direct impact on crime. Harcourt was the main author to challenge the broken windows theory. He scrutinized the theory as well as the data gathered by author Skogan, statingthat although there were several measures of serious crime (assault, sexual assault, and burglary) available in Skogan’s research, he only disclosed the findings on crime correlated to robbery (Harcourt, 1998). This made Skogan’s work discreditable and biased.Another reason why broken windows was said to be invalid is due to people`s perceptions on the relationship between crime and disorder; whether or not they are separate entities (Corman & Mocan, 2005). â€Å"If disorder and crime seem to be different in the eyes of neighborhood residents, then order maintenance policing may have a fighting chance at crime reduction. If however, the two phenomena merge into one in the minds of those residents, then broken windows theory and its accompanying order maintenance policing strategies will need to be rethought. (Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 170). Furthermore, the main concept of broken windows theory was attacked. The idea that if disorder is not found frightening, citizens remain on the streets, therefore streets are not being opened to criminals, thus criminal behaviour would not take place (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006). Interestingly, the studies conducted against the theory have not given much attention to the relationship between disorder and fear, which was surprising given its importance in the model. (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006).Studies based on broken windows are too inconsistent to be able to draw a definite line as to whether or not the theory was accurate and the possibility of integration into community policing. Researchers have stated that there are statistically better predictions of crime such as community stability and collective efficacy of the neighborhood, therefore police should not focus their time into â€Å"fixing† the broken windows theory but rather dedicate their time to other predictors (Weisburd & Braga, 2007).Consequently, if police were to dedicate their time on the other factors rather than on minor disorders there would be less objectivity in regards to police involvement (Weisburd & Braga, 2007). The authors point out that although all individuals would be in favour of collective efficacy, it was hard to address and improve upon (2007). Making it easier said than done. These other statistical predictors of crime were rational and helpful in regards determining all possible causes of crime, but they were far too ambiguous of concepts to be solved through practice (Weisburd & Braga, 2007).Thus broken windows theory was a practical option, it was applicable to any community and it w as able to be implemented quickly. According to the OACP Model order maintenance policing would be considered as part of the community mobilization and crime prevention sector. This sector allows the police to take charge and impact minor disorders preventing future crime while encouraging community members to get involved, thus transitioning toward safer communities and to the ultimate goal of low need for police assistance (G. Hanna, personal communication, Sept 11th, 2012).In conclusion, the macro-social approaches, lack thereof empirical evidence, relationship between fear and disorder as well as perceptions on social disorders were the critiques made against the broken windows theory. Despite these critiques, the theory proved to be true through real life application. Therefore I draw to the conclusion that it was and continues to be successfully incorporated into the current policing model. If police services in Ontario dedicate more time to target the social disorders visible in our communities, they will help build positive relations in the community.By restoring order in our communities we are another step closer to eradicating serious crimes (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). References Corman, H. , & Mocan, N. (2005, April). Carrots, sticks, and broken windows. Journal of Law and Economics, 48(1), 235-266. doi:10. 1086/425594 Cronkhite, C. (2004, March 1). Illusions of order: The false promise of broken windows policing (Book). Criminal Justice Review (Georgia State University), 29(1), 245-248. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http://web. ebscohost. com. subzero. lib. uoguelph. ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? id=50642dd3-c8cc-4a96-aa51-1baee6674c01%40sessionmgr114&vid=1&hid=107 Gau, J. M. , & Pratt, T. C. (2008, May 1). Broken windows or window dressing? Citizens (in)ability to tell the difference between disorder and crime. Criminology & Public Policy , 7(2), 163-194. doi:10. 1111/j. 1745-9133. 2008. 00500. x Gau, J. M. , & Pratt, T. C. (2010, August). Revisit ing broken windows theory: Examining the sources of the discriminant validity of perceived disorder and crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 758-766. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from

Amazing Grace Social Work Essay Example

Amazing Grace Social Work Essay Example Amazing Grace Social Work Essay Amazing Grace Social Work Essay Amazing Grace In the documentary-style book Amazing Grace, Jonathan Kozol writes about the realities of living in Mott Haven, one of the South Bronx poorest neighborhoods. His goal is to inform readers of the realities of children living in a slum and the unfairness of it all. The population of 600,000 live in the South Bronx of New York City and 43,000 make up Washington Heights and Harlem which is separated by a narrow river, make up one of the most racially segregated concentrations of poor people in our Nation. The question why should their childhood be different from thers across the country? often arose and should be examined by all. The facts in Amazing Grace written in 1995 startled me. There are literally hundreds of thousands of people living in broken, crowded, and rundown apartment buildings, That, says Kozol, most people would not even kennel their dogs in. The first fact that Jumped out at me was in 1991 the median income for the area was $7,600 for a family of three or four. The neighborhood is full of rat infested buildings where faulty electrical wiring, bad elevator doors, and broken staircases are a norm. The bsurdity of it all is that if we were to kennel our pets in conditions like that , we would have all kinds of rights activists protesting for being inhumane, yet we house people there to little fan fair or protests. The local hospitals are not much better. Kozol writes of several instances where the elderly have to wait in the halls to be seen. Another health statistic that causes me great alarm is with the percentage of people that have asthma. Individuals suffering from severe cases asthma have reached epidemic proportions. Hospital Admissions have reached six or more for ne thousand people in the South Bronx neighborhood and only 1. 8 per thousand for the rest in statewide New York. In the six chapters and epilogue of Amazing Grace we come to know and care about chaos and ruin. One of the most shocking contradictions is that the neighborhood of Mott Haven is adjacent to the richest congressional district in the nation. Using their own words, Kozol follows people like David Washington, who cares for his AIDS carrying mother and numerous of other Mott Haven Residence whose stories of drug addiction, prostitution, poverty, AIDS, Drug addicted born babys that need to be etoxed before they leave the hospital, one case of a man that was born in prison and now finds out that he will die in prison. While reading this book I kept thinking back to the Jim Crow Laws of the south with racial segregation. One teacher stated that she has taught at a local Mott Haven school for 20 years and has never taught a Caucasian student. Kozol points out that there is such disproportionate spending between the schools of the South Bronx which are mainly Hispanic or African American to an adjacent congressional district that is the most influential in the Nation and are mainly Caucasian.